4/30/2021

從iPhone、汽車到香蕉的貿易之旅

 曹嬿恆簡萓靚譯從iPhone、汽車到香蕉的貿易之旅:一本破解關於貿易逆差、經貿協定與全球化迷思商周出版2020

Fred P. Hochberg, Trade Is Not a Four-Letter Word: How Six Everyday Products Explain Global Trade—And Destroy the America First Myth, Avid Reader Press, 2020.

iPhone如何推翻美中「貿易逆差」的說法?

本田休旅車居然比福特和通用汽車更「美國」?(*)

失去國外市場,《冰與火之歌》甚至整個好萊塢都會消失殆盡?

塔可沙拉、本田汽車、香蕉、iPhone、大學文憑、《冰與火之歌》,

用六項商品的故事,逐步解開貿易的謎團!


貿易決定了我們餐桌上的選項,決定了購物的所有價格,

決定了哪家工廠將會慘澹關門,決定了哪個集團將統御世界;

但對於這個市場依舊存在著太多誤解,包括:

‧中國是糟糕的貿易夥伴?

‧貿易赤字代表國家嚴重損失?

‧關稅是外國人要付的?

‧進口品買得愈少,我們的日子過得愈好?


其實,貿易赤字根本無法反映雙邊的經濟狀況,

甚至會因通貨升值與貶值而波動,

而且商品價值只計入最終完成組裝的供應商所在國家,

使得號稱美國設計發明、風靡世界的iPhone,

身上所有瑞士陀螺儀、日本視網膜螢幕、以及美國玻璃的價值,

完全計入中國經濟!

 (*) pdf.

4/29/2021

產品化物件偵測技術

徐宏民,產品化物件偵測技術 (一),電子時報,2021-04-07

幾十年來電腦視覺研究試著在這關鍵的物件偵測技術上帶來突破。可以想像一下,電腦如何在由一堆影像畫素值中標定可能的物件?框列出可能位置,再逐一判斷是否有物件存在,是工程上「較容易」實現的方式。一般而言有三個主要步驟:候選區域(region proposal)計算、物件分類、以及後處理。 

徐宏民,產品化物件偵測技術(二),電子時報,2021-04-13

最關鍵的問題是正確率。正確率的描述非常籠統,一般我們會更細分為precision(P)以及recall(R),前者代表所回報的物件中有多少比例是正確的,比如說畫面中框列了10輛車子,有幾輛是對的;後者代表實際的物件標的中找到多少比例,例如畫面中有10輛車子,實際框列了幾台。...

我們很難設計單一演算法P跟R都是完美無缺。一般在檢測環境(AOI、自駕時)中比較在乎recall,所以會刻意將所有可能物件挑出,但是會造成P下降(多了假警報),解決方法是接續使用其他演算法再進行過濾,剔除誤判,或是利用其他訊號源再確認,比如說使用雷達訊號標定可能物件之後,再使用攝影機辨認是否為車輛。

在某些應用中比較在乎precision,可以犧牲recall。例如搜尋系統中。尋找大量照片時,因為使用者不清楚有多少真實標的(例如:狗)存在,我們只需將有把握的標的呈現出來,並按照信心度排序,就能滿足使用者的需要。一般推薦系統也是採用這樣的策略,確保使用者的滿意度。...

解決anchor在實際場域上的限制,可以試著修改或是增減需要的anchor種類。不過另一種常見的作法是直接使用anchor-free的策略(如FCOS),不使用預設模板,在偵測時,以某個基準點,往外推估可能物件的長寬,在實際使用上有不錯的效能。


4/23/2021

Machine Learning Faces a Reckoning in Health Research

Megan Scudellari, Machine Learning Faces a Reckoning in Health Research, IEEE Spectrum, 29 Mar 2021.

In a paper describing her team’s analysis of 511 other papers, Ghassemi’s team reported that machine learning papers in healthcare were reproducible far less often than in other machine learning subfields. The group’s findings were published this week in the journal Science Translational Medicine. And in a systematic review published in Nature Machine Intelligence, 85 percent of studies using machine learning to detect COVID-19 in chest scans failed a reproducibility and quality check, and none of the models was near ready for use in clinics, the authors say.

“We were surprised at how far the models are from being ready for deployment,” says Derek Driggs, co-author of the paper from the lab of Carola-Bibiane Schönlieb at the University of Cambridge. “There were many flaws that should not have existed.”

4/22/2021

liquefied natural gas (LNG) portfolio optimization

Alessandro Agosta, Dumitru Dediu, Timo Leenman, and Marijn van Diessen, LNG portfolio optimization: Putting the business model to the test, McKinsey, April 12, 2021.

The analysis indicates that in third quarter 2020, traditional marketers saw a 47 percent decline in realized prices compared with third quarter 2019, whereas the portfolio optimizers saw a 31 percent decline in realized prices over the same period (Exhibit 3). Although there are some obvious short­comings in this comparison—for example, the declines could be due to different geographic presences or a time lag on indexation—the findings do suggest that in the gas industry, portfolio opti­mizers were less affected by the recent downturn.